Flying-machine.



DE BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED 0013, 1910.

Patented July 29, 1913.

4 BHEETS-SHEET 1,

' DE BERT HARTLEY.

FLYING MACHINE.

APPLIOATION FILED 0013, 1910.

Patented July 29, 1913.

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Q a 4 RN Mv? Ni a/izesaea' DB BERT HARTLEY. FLYING MAOHINE. APPLICATIONIILEQ 061.23, 1910.

Patgnted July 29, 1913.

4' SHEETFSHEBT 3.

Y B L T R A H R E B E D FLYING-momma. APPLICATION FILED 00128, 1910.

' v Patented Ju1y29, 1913.

4 sums-sum 4.

E BERT H T OF A O; rumors. i I

FLYING-MACHINE;

nseam.

To all whom it mag/concern: t

Be it known that I, DE Bna'r HAR'ILEY, a

tzitizen of the United States, and a resident of Chicago, in thecounty-of Cook and State of Illinois, have invented certain new anduseful Improvements in Flying-Machines;

f and I do hereby'declare that the :following is a' full, clear, andexact description thereof,

reference being had to the accompanyingdrawings,and to the characters ofreference marked thereon,-which form a part of this specification.

--This invention relates toimp'ro'vements in that type ofheavier-than-air flying machine known as aeroplanes, :wherein theweight-is sustained by the-reactions resulting in moving an aeroplaneedgewise through. the air at a small angle of incidence by mechanicalpower or'otherfor ce. y

Among the ob'ects of my invention is to provide aconstruction andarrangem'entfor automatically restoring the equilibrium of the machineupon occasion of the shifting of the center of gravityof the machine,due to the machine'tipping out oi its plane of flight for any reason,whereby such equilibrium is restored independently of manual control ofthe pilot, thereby leaving the pilot free to direct' the steeringmovements of the machine and attend to thepower plant;

Such automatic balancing, of the machine ...inay be effected by means ofa pivoted plane -or planes so constructed and-arranged that upon tiltingof the machine, whereby its center of gravity isshifted, thesaid-pivoted plane orplanes will be acted upon by the pressure ofthe-air through which the machlne is moving in such manner as to restorethe machine to equilibrium, Such automatic restoration to equilibriummay. be effected tic-maintain pr, restore the machine in bothliorizontal'and lateral equilibrium.

Another 'object of the invention, relating to the automatic restoring oflateral equilibrium,.is the provision of laterally extending, pivotedplanes, elongatedtransversely to the line of flight and pivoted at suchpoints-to the body of the machine that upon lateral. shifting of themachine, and a consequentshifting of the center of gravity thereof, thesaid pivoted" planes act auto-' matically. in a inanner-torestorethelateral stability or equilibrium of the machine.

Another object of the invention relating to .the automatic restoring ofequilibrium is the provision of guide tubes or bars for the pSpecification of Letters Patent.- Applicationfiled-October}, 191a.Serial No. sateen oted planes in opposition to' the air pressure on-thelower sides of the planes-to hold the i'ium of the machine.

Patented'Jiily 29; i913;

pivoted planes, rigid with andnforming a. part offthe frame of themacliine and carrying springs arranged to act upon the pivplanesnormally in position for flight and.

to restore equilibrium, said springs being arranged to be adjusted 'toequalize the area of the pivoted planes' to' diflerent'loads onthema'chine. Another object of the invention is to proyide a simple andeffective means .for steermg the machine verticallyin line of its flightthrough the air, so. arranged that the steer iiigmeans or elevator mayoperateto automatically restore the longitudinal equilib- Another objectof the invention is toprovide an exceedingly simple and effective means.for steering the machine laterally in its course, or from one side tothe other of a .direct line of flight. to describe lateral curves.

Another object of the invention is to provide -means'for laterallysteering the ma'-- chine, arranged to restore longitudinal equilibriumof the machine.

Another ob'ectof the'inventionis to arran e a connection between thelaterally ex tending pivoted planes and a -foll owing,-

plane or rudder in such manner that manual power applied to the lateralplanes to swing them on their axes has the efi'ectto twist or tilt thefollowing plane in a manner to change.the lateral direction of flight ofthe" machine.

Another object of the invention is to provide a connection between suchlateral pivoted planes and a following plane, .so are ranged as toproduce an action in the following plane which coordinates with, thelateral planes to assist -in restoring the lateral equilibrium uponoccasion of lateral shifting of the" machine and consequentshifting ofthe-center of gravity.

Another object of the invention is to provide an arrangement of springmounted planes constructed to automatically restore equilibrium of themachine in the event of. the changingof the center of gravity of; themachine, while at .-the. same time beingmounted and arranged to permitthe plane members. having the automatic fUHClZIOHS described. to bemanually operatedto con-: trol the machine at the will of the ilot.

Another object of the inventipn is to effectan arrangement between thepivoted lateral I planes and a following plane 111 such a way that saidfollowing plane may, by manipu- I lation of the, pivoted planes, beswung upwardly to changethe course of the machinefrom a descending lineof. flight to an ascending'line when the machine is being prepared toalight upon the ground, and'thus enable-the machine to approach theground at suchangle and speed as to permit it to land smoothly andwithout bringing excessive shocks a'nd jars on the. machine;

Anotherobject of the invention is to pro-.

vide an exceedingly simple and light, yet

strong truss frame WhlCh carries the main plane of the machine and thecar or like defvicel and to which the lateral planes are pivoted.

- Another object of the invention is to proyide means for quicklystripping or detaehmg the lateral, pivoted planes from the ma:

chme so'that sa d planes may be quickly removedwhen the machine is in'flight, in

the event that one ofsaid planes becomes disabled, and the arrangementof the main plane and coordinating controlling-planes,

as-the elevator and rudder, is such that the machine thus stripped ofits lateral planes may be safely steered to the earth ticularly pointedout in, the .appended .claims.

. trating the hinged connection of one of the planes with its yieldingbalancing lenients and a part of the connection be ween the said pivotedplane and the following plane or rudder. Fig. 8 is a detail Otherobjects of the. invention are to -mprove and simplify various-details ofthe machine, and the invention consists in the,

matters hereinafter set forth and more parpivoted illustrating thedevice for susiaining the ad vancin'g plane or elevator, by meanspornnttlng it to be actuated to steer the'machine in a verticaldirection and to also automatically restore longiuidimil equilibrium ofthe machine. Fig. 9 is a section on line 99 of Fig. 8. Fig. 10 IS adetail, partially in section, of the device for yieldingly holding thepivoted planes 1n operative position. Fig. '1 is a detail of the meansfor detachably connecting the inner ends of the pivoted planes to theirbalancing yielding elements or spring devices and for releasing themtherefrom. Fig. 12 is a section on line 1212 of Fig. :11. .Fig. 13 is aperspective view illustrating the system of cables and attaching devicesfor quickly stripping the pivoted planes from the machine.

As shownin said drawings, 15 designates what'may betermed the central orbody plane of the machine; 16, 16 laterally and oppositely'extendingplanes which are er ranged transversely to the line of flight and .arepivoted near their inner ends to the machine frame; 17 a verticallyswinging elevator. oradvancing plane located in the front of the machinefor the-purpose of steering in vertical directions, and 18 a horizontalfollowing plane or rudder arranged at and hinged -to the rear of themain plane for steering in lateral directions, and also ar-'- ranged tomodify the verticaldirection or .line .of flight of the machine. Thevarious planes mentioned are herein indicated as made ofsingle thicknessmaterial for the purpose of simplifying-the drawings; but"- it will beunderstood that .in practice any or all of said planes may be of theusual tru'ssed' or double surface construction and formed with suchcurves as maybe deter-- mined most effective The main or central plane15 is supported on a rigid trussed frame, consisting as herein shown, ofthe transverse trusses 19, 19, ar-- ranged one at the front and theother at the rear of the body, andeach compr sing upper and lowerarched'or trussed members 20, 20' connected by vertical struts 21, 21.

The main plane 15 is attached to the upper mem bers 20of the trusses,and conforms laterally to the curveof said members, and is preferablyparabolically curved from front torear. v

22 designates a car, or other carrying device, forthe pilot andpassengers which extends from front to rearof the machine, and isconnected at its front and rear ends to thc'lower sides of the trusses19, 19 at the points 23, (Fig. 3) said car constituting a rigidconnection between the lower sides of the trusses. The car is closcdatits sides and bottom so that it may float in water and is provided witha rear and two front sup-- porting wheels 25, 26, respectively, wherebyit'may be supported and moved from" place to place on the ground, andupon which the machine is propelled forwardly under its power to obtainthe speed required to raise the machine from the ground in starting thesame. The two front supporting wheels 26 are mounted on axles 27, 27connected. in

any suitable manner to the car, and the rear supporting wheel ispreferably mounted on a spring arm 28, or other suitable spring device,whereby to cushion the impact of the car against the ground when'ahghtmg. The front and IQQPSlClGS of the car are mclined upwardly fromthe frontsupporting wheels, the front inclined surface 29 being arrangedto assist in moving the machine out o't', abody of water into which itmay alight when motive power is impressed upon the machine to drive itforwardly.-

The pivoted planes 16, as herein shown, and as preferably made, haveflattened side and' endmarginal portions, and are trans-- versely andlongitudinally curved on their under sides, between their flattenedmarginal portions, the front and rear curvature being preferably that ofa parabola. planes 16 are pivoted to the ends of the trusses 19 by meansof pivots 30,- located at the front and rear margins of the wings The.said

' their points of pivot are located nearest'their yinner ends, theybeing'hereinshown as 10- cated substantially one-third of the dista'ncefrom their inner to their outer ends, so as to give more sustaining areaon their outer than their inner ends.

At the'inner' ends of said pivoted planesare arranged notched guidepieces 32 which engage upright guide tubes I 33, 33 at the sides of thecar and rigid with v the 'trussed frame structure.

Said guide tubesare curved at their central portions on arcs concentricto the pivotal axes of the swinging planes so as to maintain theirguidmg action'on the pivoted planes in all positions of the latter..Arranged within each of .us'aid guide tubes is a spiral expansive spring36,-which is admitted to the tube through the lower end thereof, saidlower endbeing closed by a screw-threaded plug 37. Located within thetube above said spring is a follower 88- thatis provided with a lu 39 hi which extends laterally through and sli es in a longitudinal slot inthe tube. ,The-inner end of each pivoted plane is connected with Y otedat its lower end to said plane and vided at its upper end with an eye 41w ich said stud by means of a bail or yoke pivrofits over said lug andis confined thereon by a removable key 42fitted in a transverse open,-

' ing in, the lug laterally outside of the eye.

The springs36 act expansively, through the followers 38 and bails 40, inopposition to the pressure of air beneath the planes to normallymaintain the planes-in position for flight, but yield to permit theplanes to change their angles to the main plane upon occasion ofshifting of the center of gravity of the machine, and when the springsreturn the planes to normal position equilibrium of the maclune 1srestored.

The springs are placed under compression-when the planes change theirangle as described, and the power of the springs actsgvhen returning thej planes to normal position to restore equilibrliirn, as set forth. Thecompression of the springs 36 maybe varied through the medium ofadjusting bolts or screws 44 which are screw-threaded axially throughthe plugs 37 and are provided at their upper ends, within the tubes,with swivel heads 45 that bear against the lower ends of the springs.Through the efi'ect of the adjustment de scribed the pressure on theinner ends of the swinging planes may be accurately adjusted load, so asto normally hold said swinging planes in their operative positions fprflight against theupward'pressure of the' air beneath the same, whilepermitting the outer ends of the planes to be swung upwardly, againstthe action. of the springs, either by manual power or upon occasion ofabnormal pressure on the lower sides of the planes due to tilting of themachine. The adjustment of the springs may be such that the swinging orpivoted plane's 16 may assume as a normal position a dihedral anglerelatively to each other, and this dihedral angle is adapted to to suitthe weight-of the machine and its be changed either manuallyor'automatically.

The bails 40 attached as they are to the pivoted planes at laterallyseparated points serve to brace or stitfen the inner ends of saidplanes.

It will be observed that the transversely arranged trussed frameconstitutes an ex-- 'ceedingly rigid support for the pivoted planes andpermits said frame to be made exceedingly light as compared to itsstrength.

It will also be observed that by pivoting the planes 16 adjacent totheir inner ends so as to bring thezlarger parts of the plane sur faceslaterally outside their pivots, the planes are made exceedinglysensitive to unbalanced pressures, due to shifting of the center ofgravity of the machine, so that their action to maintain and restoreequilibrium is delicat and positive. v

The elevator or advancing plane 17 for changing the vertical directionof the mavator has rearwardly extending arms 49 that are pivoted to saidbar in any suitable manner. Aunctuating hail or yoke 50 is rigidlyconnected to saidarms 49 and extends rearwardly beneath the main p'aneand is provided atits rear end'with an eye 51, (Figs. 3, Sand 9) whichengages over an upright guide bar 52 extending between the car and themain plane. Said guides bar has a curved portion engaged by said eyewhich is concentric to the pivotal axis of the elevator 50 as to permitthe bail or yoke to swing frcelv u 'n ar lly and downwardly. Surroundingsaid gait ear :2, and arranged plane is pivoted at its forward edgetothe between the same and an: adjusting nut 55, screw-threaded to thelower end .of said.

guide'bar, is a spiral, expansively acting spring 56 which acts upwardlyupon the bail or yoke 50 n opposition to the pressure of air beneath theelevator to hold the elevator in apredetermined ornormal position duringflight. The arrangement of the spring and its manner. of adjustmentprovides means for maintaining the elevator in its 7 normal positionagainst the pressure of air beneath and relative to-the-weight of thatpart of the machine and its load thrown on the same. Said spring alsopermits the elevator to be swung upwardly or downwardly to changetheverticaldirection of'the machine, as desired, and further enables thespring mounted elevator to automatically restore the longitudinalequilibrium of the machine in case the machine tends to, tip

forwardly, in.the same general manner as' the spring mounted planes 16restore lateral equilibrium. The under surface of sadd ele- 'vator ispreferably curvedboth longitudinally and laterally, the longitudinal orfront to rear curve =bein,'g preferably that of a parabola.-

Referring now to. the construction and arrangement of the followingplane or rudder.

18 and to the manner of its operation, said following edge of the mainplane to swing vertically for the purpose'of modifying the verticaldirection of flight of the machine,

and'the construction'of said plane is also so arranged as to permit saidplane to be twisted or warped about .1ts longitudinal axis to changethe. lateral direction of fiight of the machine. Thesaid following planeor rudder is shown as being fan shaped, being wider at'its rear than atits front end. It is paraholically curved from front to rear and is alsopreferably transversely, curved, the

-margins being substantially flat. The frame .of said-following plane,;as it is herein shown, comprises two real-wardlyextending bars that arehinged at 61 to the'following edge of the main plane, andhave only avertically swinging movement, and'a closed frame 63 which is supportedon.sairl'bars and upon which ,the plane surface is stretched. The frame63 is supported on the bars 60" in a manner pern'iittinga slight rockingor twisting movementthereon,so as topcrmzt the plane, which 1s stretchedon the surrounding frame, to be given the warping'or twisting movement,above referred to.

4 For this purpose'the forward member 65 and an intermediate member 66of the frame 63am provided with clips 67, 67 through. "which thehingedbars 60, 60; loosely extend,

and the rear member 68 of the frame is provided with sockets 69 intowhich the rear ends of the said bars 60 loosely fit. The said followingplane or rudder is adapted to be swung about its hinges 61, and to be Iwarped about its longitudinal axis, for the purposes specified, by thefollowing devices: 72, 72 designate vertically swinging levers arrangedbeneath the following plane or rudder and pivoted between their ends toa horizontal pivot bar ,73 that is mounted in the rear end of a tailconsisting of V-shaped frames 74, 74 which extend rearwardly' fromextend beneath the main plane and may be operatively connected in anysuitable manner to the yielding balancing devices of the pivoted planesso that said pivoted planes and following plane or rudder may havecoordinating movement for a purpose hereinafter to be described. Suchconnnection, as herein shown, consists of the eyes 77 formed in the lugs39 of the followers 38,-

through which eyes'the forward ends of; the levers loosely extend, toproduce, in effect, a swiveling connection between the levers and saidlugs.

lVith the arrangement shown, when the forward ends of both levers 72 aresimul taneously depressed, the following lane or rudder is swungupwardly as a who e aboutits hinges. 61, and in this position serves tosteer the machine in vertical direction, If

howeverene of the levers be swung downwardly while the other remainsstationary, the following plane or rudder will be twisted or warpedabout itslongitudinal axis, one

of the rear corners of said plane being thrown upwardly while the otherrear corner is thrown downwardly. For instance, if the right handlever72 be swung down- 'wardly while the left hand lever remains stationary,the right rear corner of the following plane or rudder will be thrownup-' wardly and the left rear corner thrown downwardly. This movement ofthe rudder is permitted by reason of the resiliency. in

the swinging bars 60 and also by reason of the loose or rockingCOI-lfiQCf-lOn of-the frame 63 with the bar-s60 at the points (57. and69.

In some instances arrangements may be made to manually operate thefollowing plane or rudder either by directly grasping the operatinglevers 72 or by means of other operating mechanism connected therewith.As herein shown said rudder operating levers are provided with handholds 10 by which the rudder may be thus manipulated.

When the rudder l8 is applied to the 'ma" .chine herein, shown, havingthe. pivoted,

lateral planes, such independent manual operation of the rudderwill beeite ctive when the pivoted planes are detached from the machine,.aswill be hereinatter described. The said rudder may, however, be appliedto machines in which thesteering will be effected by direct manualmanipulation of the levers 72, or other analogous operating devices Whenthe rudder is operatively connected, through saidlevers-72'and springbalance device, with the pivoted planes, the

tilting of'said latterplanes on their pivots serves tosiinultan'eouslyoperate the rudder or tollowing plane with the pivoted planes,

whereby said following plane or rudder coordinat-eswith said pivotedplanes, either to restore lateral equilibrium to the machine,

.; upon occasio-nof the shifting of the center of gravity thereof, ortosteer the machine. The means whereby said pivoted planes, and thefollowing plane or, rudder 'coordinate to produce theseresults'will bebest understood-from. an inspection otFigs. 4 z

and '5.

The 1111 "h s ositions lot the pivoted planes and following-plane shownin Fig. i'are the positions which'these parts assume when. the machinemoves in a straight line of flight, it beingunderstood that theadvancing edges o-fthe planes are slightly tilted upwardly, withthepropercurvature,

to give th'e proper' angle of incidence of the planes to the air. Duringsuch time of: straight flight the front :.elevator 17 will be adjustedin a-plane substantially parallel to that of the 'other planes. If newfor any reasontheinachine be tilted laterally, about its longitudinalaxis, as lfor instance if the pilot should shift his weight toward oneside of the machine, or if an unbalancing pressure be exerted againstthe underside of one of the pivotedplaheslGQan unbalanced weight will bethrown -.upon :that {swing- -ing plane -16 toward-which the center ofgravity has been shifted. When the machine occupies the tilted positionassumed, the machine, as a whole, will be laterallyinclined to. itsnormal plane ,so that, ifthe planes were fiiged or immovable, themachine would tend to glide or skidin a slanting direction toward thee'arth; --Byreason of the pivotal mounting of the 'pl-anes16, havingunbalanced areas on the opposite sides -of their pivots, the pivotedplane toward which the center'of gravity has been shifted -will betilted on its pivot to'swing it to the -p'osition shown-in the dottedline position a indicated in'Fig. 4', and, through its'connection withthe following plane or rudder, will warp ortwist the adjacent .rear'corner of said rudder.upwardly to the dotted position 7) shown in Fig.t. Theautomatic' upward tilting of the plane-ldto'ward which themaehine'tilts hastheett'ec tr'to maintain said .latter plane'and "theadjacent side"of the following: plane -or-. ruddersubstantially parallelto the horizontal, and to increase theangle' of incidence thereofi tothe air in the slanting path in which the machine tends to' glide orskidand, inasmuch as the opposite pivotedplane h'asvnot changed its positionon its'axis, the reaction. of the overbalanced weighhshittedto thetilted plane 16, on the sustaining body of: air will have the effect ofarresting the gliding or skidding movement. The planes when swung to 5the dotted line positions L,' 'b, indicated in Fig. 4, were swung tothese positions against the action of the-balancing springs or yieldingelements 36. Thereafter the said balancing springs-or yielding elements36 returns the pivoted planes and rudder. to. normal positions withrespect to the otherplanes and restore therlateral equilibrium of themachine. It will of course be understood that it the machine be tiltedin the opposite 5 direction-by shifting ofthe center of gravity towardsuch other direction the-other, or right hand] pivoted, plane willoperate,'in conjunction with theright handside'of the following plane orrudder to restore the machine to lateral equilibrium in the same man?ner as before described. It will thus be seen that theflateral-stabilit-y'of the machine is at all times automaticallyrestored without any attention whatever on-the part of the pilot,so-that the pilot ,may give his full attention-t0 steering and drivingthe ma hine. i

The spring balanced elevator 17 acts in a generally similar 'manner'tomaintain the longitudinal equilibrium of the machine.- As betore stated,the balancing spring 56 of the elevator is so adjusted with respect tothe weight which it carries and to the air pressure beneath the same as;tobe maintained in a .-predetermined position relatively to the otherplanes during flight. If through any disturbing influence the machine istilted forwardly soasto. throw abnormal weight on the elevator, thereaction setup in the air beneath the elevator will have-the ,efiecttoupwardly tiltsaid elevator against the action of the spring 56 andthereby steer the machine upwardly to. restore the machine to its-normalline of.11 5 flight, and the return of the elevator under thefinfiuenceof the balancing spring will restore equilibrium tothe machine. -.-Thefollowing plane or rudderIS is also uormally held in operative-positionfor flight by-the eilect of the springs 30 opposing the action oftlieair ressure beneath the plane, and said spring eld plane or rudderwill. operate in the general manner of the elevator to restorelongitudinal equilibrium to 5 *the machine. should the machine tipbackwardly by shifting of the center of gra ity toward the rear of themachine. This ei"ec.t

of the rudder or following plane will be manitestedwhether ornotthelateral planes 139 be in'place or detached from the machine.

In fact the spring or other yielding balance of the elevator andrudder'described may operate in connection with various other types ofaeroplanes having diflerent -means for maintaining and restoring lateralbalance, andjthe invention, so far as it relates tothe rudder andelevator, is not limited to the type of machine herein shown.

The pivoted planes 16 and the following plane or rudder 18, in additionto their function of. automatically restoring lateral equilibrium to themachine, as above described, serve also as means-for laterally guidingthemachine in flight. For this pur- .pose the inner ends of the swingingplanes,

adjacent to the car 22, may be provided with the handles 80, Fig. 7,which .are adapted to be grasped by the hands of the pilot to steer themachine. If, for instance,

it be desired 'to steer the machine to the right, from the positionassumed inlfull lines in Fig. 4:, as viewed from the seat, the ilotgrasps the handle 80 of the pivoted p ane at the left hand side of themachine and. tiltssaid plane to the dotted line position a shown in Fig.4. This tilting movement of the plane 16 causes the adjacent rear cornerof the following plane to be 'warped or twisted downwardly; In'

or rudder to be warped or twisted upwardly and the opposite rearcornerof said rudder this positlon of the rudder the angle-of incidenceto the air is increased on the right .35

hand side of the rudder and isdeereased on the left hand side thereof.This has the ofthe machine on the side thereof effect to retard thespeed of that side of the machine presenting the larger-angle ofincidenceto, theair and to accelerate the speed resenting the smallerangle-of incidence. he result of this is that the machine turns orpivots about a vertical axis toward the side presenting the larger angleof incidence.

henthe machine is to be turned toward the left the pilot grasps thehandle 80 of the right hand pivoted plane to tilt the same on its axisand to warp the following plane or rudder in a direction opposite tothat indicated by'the dotted line b, Fig. 4.

If when preparing to alight the machine should approach ,the ground atsuch an angle and at such speed that the machine may'not be readilycontrolled by the elepilots mount the lateral planes.

tion with thefelevator 17 to elevate the nose of the machine so as toincline th upwardly. the pivoted planes and of the elevatorin thismanner the machine may be made to approach a desired landing spot at asuitfor safe landing. When thus descendingin have been stripped, in amanner hereinafter to be descri'bemor when descending in a Thusby propermanipulation-of ably long angle and at a' sultably slow speed machinefrom which the pivoted Lplanes machine not having such pivoted planes,'

and having other means for maintaining and restoring lateral euilibrium, the said following-plane or rudd er mav be manipulated bydirect manual contro tion with the elevator, to efiect proper landingasdescribed.-

I have provided means for strippingthe lateral, pivoted planes from themachine in case of injury to one of the planes, or incase for any otherreason it is desired to de- If, for instance,-

in conj unca safe and.

during flight one ofthe laterahplanes I should become disabled anduseless to perform its function, the effect of the other plane would beto turn the machine onits longitudinal axis and throw entirely out ofthe control ofthe other'planes so'that the machine would dro to theground. In order to meet this contingency I have pro.

planes at their pivots 30 and also "at their connections with thestuds39 of the followers 38. A convenient mechanism forefiecb ing this resultis herein shown andjis inade 'vided means for disconnecting saidlateral.

-as follows: Each of said pivots 30 is aitw o I part pivot, as bestshown in Figs. 1 and 13,

and the members ofeach pivot are at, ranged in line and se arated fromeach other at their inner en s. They have longitudinal guidingengagement in bearings- 85, 85 fixed in any suitable manner on theplanes l6. The said two-part pivots are normally projected. outwardlyfor engagement with the bearings in-the trusses by means of spiralsprings 86 surrounding said members and interposed between the innerbearings 85 and pins 87 extending through said pivots. The inner ends ofsaid pivots are formed with eyes 88 to which are conneeted the twobranches 89 of a cable'90, said branches passing about pulleys 91, 31mounted on the plane between said'pivot members. The cables 90 extendinwardly 0 over the planes 16 to the car; They are provided at the innerends of the planes with other branches 93 which extend upwardly to theconnection of the bails 40 with the studs-39, said branches 93 suitablepulleys 94 at the inner ends of said planes. The upper ends of saidbranches 93 are connected with devices for releasing or pullingdownwardly the locking keys 42 which lock the bail eyes on the studs 39,-and passing under also with stripping devices .by which the -tl'iroughand have vertical sliding engageor looking positions.

ment in-guide sleevesz100 that are-supported on'cross bars 101v whichextend be tween' the arms of the bails 40. Spiral, expansively actingsprings 102 are interposed betweensaid'guide sleeves 100 and shoulders.03'forrned-inany suitable manner on the stems 99, said springs servingnormallyto hold the locking pins in their uppermost The lower ends. ofsaid guide stems are formed with eyes to V which are attached the upperends of the branchcables 93. ,The bars-96, which carry thewedges' 95,are made of such length that the wedges will not engage the bail eyes 42to force them from the studs until after the pins 42 are withdrawn fromthe slotted lugs and. below the planes of the eyes.

= after the pins have been thus released, serves --to strip the baileyes off of the'lugs-and 7 thereby release the bails and the innerendsof the pivoted planes from the balancing spring devices. i

The systemof cables for operating the stripping devices describedlis soarranged that the branches 93 are maintained normally, taut, while themain cables 90, lying along the pivoted planes are slack, as indicate inFig. 13. Therefore upon pulling the inner ends of the cables 90, thefirst efiect is to release the pins 42 .and stri the hails from thestuds 39, after which, in the con-- tinued pull on the cables, the pivotmembers 30 are drawn inwardly to release them from their bearings at theouter ends ofrthe trusses. \Vhen so released the planes are free to dropfronrthe machine. It is thus evident that said planes, while being re,-liably connected to the machine during use thereof, may be quicklystripped therefrom when the emergency arises, and may also be readilydetached from the machine when it is desired to demount the machineforother purposes, as for the purpose of storage.

'lhe propeller 105 is shown as locatedat the front of the machine justin rear. of the elevator l7, and is driven, through its shaft 106, byany suitable form of motor 1 0T mounted on a. part rigid withthe'trussed' frame. The propeller shaft 100 is mounted in a suitablebearlng lixed nnthe forwardly extendmg'nose of the machine. The pro-Co-n-- tinned movement of the bars andwedges,

bearings;

4. In an aeroplane, apivoted plane hav- 'peller may, however, I beotherwise located,

as desired and morethanone propeller may be employed. :It will befurthermore-1man1-' test that the structural details of the ma-a chinemay be varied in other "respects with out departing from-lhespirit. ofthe invention, and the invention-'15 not limitedto'the illustrateddetails, ekceptassuch details are" hereinafter made tl1e s11lijectofspecific claims. Y I claim as my invention 1. An aeroplanecomprising vporting planes, pivots between the ends of slang-sit.

said planes and' trending in'the'line' of ad-' Vance of themachine,'upon which" these planes may be independently tilted by change.of center of gravity of the machine, and means cooperating with theinner ends of said planes to restore them to normal position andreestablish equilibrium when they have been so tilted.

2. An aeroplane comprising-tilting supporting and controlling planes,pivots between the ends of said planes and trending in the line ofadvance of the machine, upon which pivots these planes may be independentlyti'lted by change of the center of grave ity of the machine, meansto automatically cooperate with the inner ends ofsaid planes to restorethem to normal positionand reestablish equilibrium-when they have beenso tilted, andmeans at the inner ends of said 'planes for manuallycontrolling said planes to directthe flight oif'the' machine.

3. In an aeroplane, a main frame pr ovided with bearings, oppositely,directed, elongated supporting, balancing and steering planesindependently hinged to said bearings j and swingable independently ofeach other, said planes being in themselves immovable except as towarping and the1r hinged connection to said frame, and means cooperatingwith said planes to restore them to normal position and reestablishequilibing its lower' side presented to tl1e air a fixed guide forthe'inner end of said piv oted plane, a guide projection on said planefor -ngaging said fixed guide, and a spring associated with said guideand actingon' th'eplane in opposition to the pressure of airbeneath-theouter end of the same to normally hold the plane in operative positionfor fiight,.and arranged to permit the plane to automatically change itsangle upon the shifting of center of gravity of the urac'lnne, saidspring acting to return the plane to normal operative position and tothereby restore the equilibrium-of the inachinc,

An aeroplane cmnprising a main plane.

and its frame and opposcd-lateral plant-s pivoted'betwecn their ruds tosaid main plane and adapted to occupy dill'ercnt. diherium after theyhave been tilted on. their main plane with means -to independentlychange said dihedral angles.

dralangles relatively to each other and the 6. An aeroplanecomprising a"main plane and its frame and opposed lateral planes pivoted to said mainplane and adapted to occupy different dihedral angles relatively to eachother and the main plane, yielding balancing means connecting the innerends of said lateralplanes to the frame, and xnea-nsassociated with thebalancing means whfzreby the dihedral angles of said lateral planes,relatiyely. to each other, may be changed. ,f Q 'i 7'. An aeroplanecomprising a main plane a'ndits frame, the latter provided with sidebearings, and laterally opposed supporting, steering and balancing.planes pivoted between their ends to said bearings, with their areasoutside their pivots overbalancing the areas thereof inside theirpivots.

8. An aeroplane comprising a main lane and its frame, the latterprovided with side bearings,

I and laterally opposed supporting steering and balancing planes pivotedbetween their ends to said bearings, said .frames embracin upright guidemembers, and guide device on the pivoted planes to engage-said guidemembers.

9. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally.opposed sustaining planes pivoted between their ends to the \frameandeach having unbalanced areas at .the oppositesides of its pivot, andyielding a balancing means acting against the pivoted planes inopposition to the unbalancing pressure ofair beneath said planes. 10. Anaeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposedplanes arranged with their inner ends beneath the main-plane and pivotedbetween their ends to said frame at points in their lengths near estadjacent to itliei'r iianer ends, and adjustable yiclding balancingmeans acting on the inner ends of the pivoted planes. a 11. An aeroplanecomprising a frame, two laterally "opposite planes pivoted to saidframe, upright slotted guide tubes carried by the frame for guiding thepivoted planes in their tiltingmovements, springs within said tubes, andconnections betwecn'the springs and said pivoted planes, whereby saidsprings act against the pivoted planes in opposition to the pressure ofair beneath said planes.

' 12. An aeroplane machine comprising a' main plane and its frame, thelatter provided with side bearings, and laterally op-- posed supportingsteering and balancing planes pivoted between their ends to saidbearings with their areasoutside their pivots (Wei-balancing the areasthereof inside their pivots, said frame embracing upright guide members,guide devices of the pivoted planes to on the inner ends engage saidguide main plane and its frame,

for withdrawing members, and bails pivoted at their lower 13. Anaeroplane machine comprising a main plane and its frame, the latterprovided with side bearings, and laterally opposed supporting steeringand balancing planes pivoted between their ends to said bea ings withtheir areas outside their piv-.

ots overbalancing the areas thereof inside their pivots, said frameembracing upright guide members, guide devices on the inner endsof thepivoted planes to engage said ide members, and bails pivoted at their tothe inner ends of the pivoted planes, and

springs associated with said guide members of the frame and acting onthe unbalanced planes. through the bails, for the purpose set forth.-

. 14. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, the latterprovided with side bearings laterally opposed supporting,

steering and balancing-planes pivoted be.

tween their .ends to said earings with their areas outside their pivotsoverbalancing the areas thereof inside their pivots, said frameembracing upright, hollow,

ower ends'and at laterally separated points slotted guide posts, springswithin said hollow posts, and

bails connected to 'theinner ends ofv said pivoted planes,

' balancing the areas thereof inside their piv; o ts, said frameembracing guide p0sts,

springs carried by the guide posts, and bails connected to the innerends of said pivoted planes, and operatively connected with saidsprings, whereby the springs act in opposition to the overbalanced areasof the planes, and means for adjusting the springs to vary the actionthereof on said pivoted planes.

16. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterallyopposed supporting and balancing'planes pivoted .to said frame by'releasabl pivots, and Inc-ans the pivots of said planes from the frameduring flight to thereby strip said pivoted planes from the machine.

17, An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterallyopposed planes pivoted to said frame, yielding elements carried by saidframe and conne ted to and acting vupon said pivoted'planes for andoperatively connected, through the slots of said posts, with saidthesprings act in oppo-,

1,059,051 i s {a the purpose set forth, and a single manually operabledevice for each pivoted plane, connected to the pi'vots of said planesand to the connections between the yielding elements and said planes andarranged, by a continuous movement thereof, to disconnect the pivotedplanes from the frame, first at their points of connection with saidyielding elements and afterward at their pivots. 18; An aeroplanecomprising a main plane and its frame, laterally opposed planespivotedto said frame by spring held i p1: members, yielding elementscarried by said frame and operatively connected to and acting upon thepivoted planes, the connections between said, pivoted R anes and saidyielding "elements embracing a combined releasablelock and strippingdevice arranged, when the lock is released, to strip the planes fromsaid; yielding elements, and a single cable for each plane acting uponthe spring held pivots of the plane and the lockingand stripping devicetoreleasesaid parts ina contmuous pulling movement. of

the cable to strip the pivoted planes from the machine.

j 19. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, laterallyopposed planes 'pi-voted between their ends to the frame, a-' followingplane or rudder, and

operative connections between the following plane or rudder and theinner ends of the pivoted planes constructed to operate the the pivotedplanes.

following plane upon a-change 'of angle of 20. An aeroplane comprising amain plane and"v its frame, laterallyopposed planes. pivoted betweentheir ends to the frame, a following plane or rudder constructed to beswung vertically and to be warped or twisted about its longitudinalaxis, and operative connections between the inner ends of said.pivotedplanes andsaid following plane or rudder arranged to warp and to-swingthe following plane or rudder upon a change of angle of the pivotedplanes. J

21. Anj-aeropla ne" comprising a main plane and its frame, laterallyopposed planes.

planespivotedlto said -frame,-a following- .plane orrudder, operativeconnections betweenv the following plane or rudder and the inner ends ofthe pivoted planes arranged to produce a predetermined coordinatingoperation of the rudder upona change of angle .of the pivoted planesrelatively to the main plane, and ielding elements carried by the framean eratively connected pivoted and following 22.An"aeroplane comprisinga main plane and its frame, laterally opposed' planes pivoted'to saidframe,'a following plane or rudder hinged to the main lane and adaptedto be swung vertical y to acting against said opchange the verticaldirection of themachine, and to be warped or twisted-about itslongitudinal axis to vsteer the machine later,

tween the inner end of each pivoted plane plane is-Warp'ed when one onlyof the pivoted plants is tilted upon its; pivot and the following planeis swung upwardly when both pivoted tilted on their pivots.

planes are simultaneously ally, and separate operative connections be I.,7O and one side of the following plane, 'so constructed and arrangedthat the following- '23. An aeroplane comprising .a main plane,laterally opposed pivoted planes hav'-- ing releasable i'vofs,afollowing plane or .rudder COT'ABUDGd to the main plane, operativeconnections between the pivoted planes and the following lane arrangedto give steering motion to te latter .plane upon the tilting of thepivoted planes on their pivots, spring elements actingon said operativeconnections between the lateral and following planes, and means towithdraw the pivotsof the lateralplanes to strip said planes from themachine without releasing'thefollowing plane or rudder from said 'springelements. "it 24. An aeroplane comprislng a frame, a

main plane thereon, a hinged following plane orrudder adapted to befreely swung vertically about its hinge to change the vertical directionof the machine, and to be bodily warped: or twisted about itslongitudinal axis to steer the machine laterally, and separatelyactuable operating levers pivoted: t'ot-he frame and connected one ateach side of the following plane and extending forwardly beneath themain plane.

25. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and a horizontal, verticallyswinging following plane or rudder at the following edge of the mainplane, comprising rearwardly extending bars which are hinged to swingvertically, and a frame with a plane said latter frame being mountedloosely on said bars, whereby the frame may rock on said bars to permitthe rudder to twist or warp about an axis located between said bars, andindependently actuable operating devices connected each'to one'of saidbars and extending forwardly. beneath the main plane.

27. In an aeroplane, a main plane, a pivoted elevator at. the front ofthe main plane movement of the elevator, said spring being nectcdtrusses arranged supported on said guide. N

:28. An aeroplane comprising a main plane and its frame, an elevator atthe front of the main plane'for steering the machine vertically, afollowing plane or rudder at the rear of the main plane for control-lingthe vertical and lateral direction of the machine, laterally opposedplanes pivoted to' the side of said frame, and yielding ele-' mentsacting on said planes and elevator in opposition'to air "pressure ontheir lower surfaces to normally maintainthem in operative position forflight, while permitting them to change their angles, upon shifting ofthe center of gravity of the machine, and to return the planestooperative position to restore the equilibrium of the machine. 29. Anaeroplane comprising a frame composed of front and rear, rigidly con-'transversely to the line of flight and having upper transversely curvedmembers, between and attached to the trusses and transversely curved toconform to the upperplane extending between transversely to as myinvention I aflix a central plane extending members of the trusses, andlaterally op-' posed supporting and balancing otedzbetween their ends tothe trusses.

. 30. An aeroplane comprising a frame composed of front and reartransversely to the lineof planes pivends of said flight, a .central andattached to the upper sides of the trusses, lateral supporting andbalancing planes pivoted to the ends'ofsaid trusses,'and a carconstruction extending between and attached to and depending principallybelow the lower sides of the trusses and constituting arigid connectionbetween thelower sides of the trusses.

trusses arranged '31. An aeroplane comprising front and -rear, rigidlyconnected trusses.- arranged the line of flight, a central planeextending between and attached to the upper members of said trusses, anose rigid with and extending forwardly from the front truss andcarrying bearings for a propeller shaft, 'a propeller shaft mounted insaid bearing and laterally opposed supporting and balancingv planespivoted tothe ends of said trussesanda rudder at the rear-of the mainplane. i

In testimony, that I claim the foregoing my signature in the presence oftwo witnesses, this 28th day of September A; D. 1910. v

f DE BERT-HARTLEY. WVitness'es': v l

Nl lnnnmesnn,

. ALBERT SYIEiNI-IAUSER.

Copies'o'f this patent may be obtained. for five cents each, byaddressing the Commissioner of Patents,

Washington, 1 C.

